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Iraqi presidential referendum, 1995 ：ウィキペディア英語版

Iraqi presidential referendum, 1995

The Iraqi presidential election of 1995 took place on October 15 of that year. It was the first direct presidential election under the rule of Saddam Hussein, who had seized power through the Revolutionary Command Council in 1979. Taking the form of a referendum with no other candidates, the election involved giving voters paper ballots that said: "Do you approve of President Saddam Hussein being the President of the Republic?"〔Nohlen, Dieter; Grotz, Florian; Hartmann, Christof (eds.). ''Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook, Volume 2'', p.102. Oxford University Press US (2001), ISBN 0-19-924958-X〕〔 They then used pens to mark "yes" or "no".〔Youssef M. Ibrahim, "Iraqis Go to Polls; Guess Who Will Win", ''The New York Times'', October 15, 1995〕 The next day, Izzat Ibrahim, Hussein's deputy in the ruling Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), announced the incumbent had won 99.96% of some 8.4 million valid votes cast. Officially, 3,052 people voted against him (45 of them in Baghdad),〔Yahia, Latif; Wendl, Karl. ''I Was Saddam's Son'', p.281-2. Arcade Publishing (1997), ISBN 1-55970-373-3〕〔"No Surprise in Iraqi Vote", ''The New York Times'', October 17, 1995. Ibrahim declared: "It is an immortal day in the history of Arabism and Islam. It is a blow to the states that have harbored enmity toward Iraq and raised unjustified doubts about the legitimacy of its regime or the right of its people to choose the form of government they like."〕 and turnout was 99.47%.〔Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce; Root, Hilton L. ''Governing for Prosperity'', p.62. Yale University Press (2000), ISBN 0-300-08018-2〕 The international community reacted with widespread incredulity to these figures.〔Taylor & Francis Group. ''The Middle East and North Africa 2004'', p.465. Routledge (2003), ISBN 1-85743-184-7〕
==Background==
The election was prompted by the August defection to Jordan of senior government officials Hussein Kamel al-Majid and Saddam Kamel and their wives. During the crisis that followed, Saddam took steps to control the damage; the referendum was an attempt to shore up his claim to legitimacy.〔Freedman, Robert Owen. ''The Middle East and the Peace Process: The Impact of the Oslo Accords'', p.229. University Press of Florida (1998), ISBN 0-8130-1554-5〕 At a September 7 meeting of the RCC, an interim amendment to the Constitution was approved whereby its chairman would automatically assume the presidency, subject to approval of the National Assembly and endorsement by national plebiscite. Parliament approved his candidacy on September 10, setting the stage for the meticulously organised election.〔
Prior to the election, Ba'ath Party members visited homes, making sure to ask if households had ration cards (at the time, food was scarce as a result of the Iraq sanctions); the clear implication was that the wrong kind of vote could mean no food.〔Purdum, Todd. S. ''A Time of Our Choosing: America's War in Iraq'', p.25. Macmillan (2003), ISBN 0-8050-7562-3〕 Voters were required to name relatives on their ballots and, according to some opposition reports, were threatened with punishment against their families if they voted "no". In a November report, the UN Special Rapporteur noted that because of the intrusiveness of the security apparatus "virtually no citizen would risk demonstrating any opposition to the Presidency or Government—or would do so at his mortal peril";〔Cordesman, Anthony H.; Hashim, Ahmed. ''Iraq: Sanctions and Beyond'', p.117. Westview Press (1997), ISBN 0-8133-3236-2〕 the notion that opponents would face some sort of retribution was shared by most observers.〔Kryzanek, Michael J. ''Comparative Politics: A Policy Approach'', p.440. Westview Press (2003), ISBN 0-8133-9792-8〕 During the election, which served to emphasize that the Baath Party and the RCC were the country's true centres of power, loyal and tenacious party cadres brought voters in droves to the polling stations,〔Hiro, Dilip. ''Iraq: In the Eye of the Storm'', p.66. Thunder's Mouth Press (2002), ISBN 1-56025-477-7〕 themselves swamped with pro-Hussein propaganda.〔"Iraqis Go to Polls to Vote on Hussein", ''The New York Times'', October 16, 1995〕 The result confirmed that Iraqis' fear of Saddam was greater than the severe hardship that had resulted from the sanctions.〔Mackey, Sandra. ''The Reckoning: Iraq and the Legacy of Saddam Hussein'', p.305. W. W. Norton & Company (2002), ISBN 0-393-32428-1〕

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